Wednesday, February 4, 2009

the huricanessss

Rubin Carter

The Hurricane (1999 film)

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The Hurricane

Theatrical release poster
Directed by Norman Jewison
Produced by Norman Jewison
Marc Abraham
Armyan Bernstein
Thomas Bliss
John Ketchem
Written by Book: The 16th Round
Rubin "The Hurricane" Carter
Book: Lazarus and the Hurricane
Sam Chaiton
Terry Swinton
Screenplay
Armyan Bernstein
Dan Gordon
Starring Denzel Washington
Music by Christopher Young
Cinematography Roger Deakins
Editing by Stephen E. Rivkin
Distributed by Universal Pictures
Beacon Communications
Release date(s) Limited:
December 29, 1999
Wide:
January 14, 2000
Running time 145 min.
Country United States
Language English
Budget $50 million
Gross revenue $74 million

The Hurricane is a 1999 American biographical film directed by Norman Jewison, and starring Denzel Washington. The script was adapted by Armyan Bernstein and Dan Gordon from the books Lazarus and the Hurricane by Sam Chaiton and Terry Swinton and The 16th Round by Rubin "Hurricane" Carter.[1] The film tells the story of boxer Rubin "Hurricane" Carter, whose conviction for a Paterson, New Jersey triple murder was set aside after he had spent almost twenty years in prison.

The film received mainly positive reviews, but has been criticized for many inaccuracies by film critics and others, including the families of the murder victims and their supporters[2].

Contents

[hide]

[edit] Cast

[edit] Background

Actor Denzel Washington and Rubin Carter worked closely in making the film. Washington said, "He went through pots and pots of coffee and packs of cigarettes. I'd drink a little coffee. It's interesting and challenging when the person is there, alive and in the room."[3]

Award winning director/producer Norman Jewison considers The Hurricane his best work.[4]

Former middleweight World Champion Joey Giardello sued the film's producers for libel over the depiction of his fight with Carter as a "racist fix." "This is a joke, [he told the New York Daily News] he never hit me that much in 15 rounds. Virtually every boxing expert then and now will tell you I won the fight." Referee Robert Polis who scored the fight 72–66 in Giardello's favor stated: "They portrayed Joey Giardello as an incompetent fighter. I thought it was ludicrous."[5]

Eventually, the case was settled out of court with the producers paying the retired champion a hefty sum and Jewison's agreement to make a statement on the DVD version that, "Giardello no doubt was a great fighter."[6]

Filming locations
Filming locations include: East Jersey State Prison, Trenton, New Jersey; Avenel, New Jersey; Paterson, New Jersey; Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

[edit] Critical reception

Roger Ebert, film critic for the Chicago Sun Times, liked the film and the acting, and wrote, "This is one of Denzel Washington's great performances, on a par with his work in Malcolm X...Washington as Hurricane Carter is spare, focused, filled with anger and pride...This is strong stuff, and I was amazed, after feeling some impatience in the earlier reaches of the film, to find myself so deeply absorbed in its second and third acts, until at the end I was blinking at tears. What affects me emotionally at the movies is never sadness, but goodness."

Regarding the "fictionalized" aspects of the film, Ebert discussed why that is often the case in films, he added, "Several people have told me dubiously that they heard the movie was 'fictionalized.' Well, of course it was. Those who seek the truth about a man from the film of his life might as well seek it from his loving grandmother. Most biopics, like most grandmothers, see the good in a man and demonize his enemies. They pass silently over his imprudent romances. In dramatizing his victories, they simplify them. And they provide the best roles to the most interesting characters. If they didn't, we wouldn't pay to see them." He added, "The Hurricane is not a documentary but a parable, in which two lives are saved by the power of the written word."[7]

Film critic Stephen Holden, writing for The New York Times, had mixed views of the film but did like the acting. He wrote, "In telling the story of Mr. Carter's protracted and ultimately successful fight for freedom and justice, The Hurricane rides to glory on an astonishing performance by Denzel Washington....That is to say, Mr. Washington leans into an otherwise schlocky movie and slams it out of the ballpark. If his Hurricane is an inspiring portrait of nobility, it is because the actor never conceals the demons of fury and despair gnawing beneath his character's forcefully articulate surface."

Holden was forthright about the veracity of the film, writing, "The film is so eager to stir us up that it thinks little of bending the facts for dramatic effect. Among its most egregious distortions is its depiction of Mr. Carter's 1964 middleweight title match with Joey Giardello. The movie (which has fine, naturalistic boxing sequences) inaccurately portrays the fight as lost by Carter solely because of the judges' racism.

The taking of such license, of course, adds an extra jolt of drama. But when these and other distortions and exaggerations are added up, it's worth wondering if that self-congratulatory glow the movie leaves us with has been gotten far too easily and at what cost."[8]

Currently, the film has an 85% "Fresh" rating at Rotten Tomatoes, based on 96 film reviews.[9]

[edit] Distribution

The premiere of the film was on September 17, 1999 at the Toronto Film Festival. It also was featured at the Berlin International Film Festival on February 17, 2000.

The film opened in wide release in the United States on December 29, 1999. The first week's gross was $384,640 (11 screens) and the total receipts for the run were $50,668,906. In its widest release the film was featured in 2,148 theaters. It closed the week of April 14, 2000. The motion picture was in circulation sixteen weeks.[10]

[edit] Controversy

The film was criticized for misrepresenting many of the facts of Carter's life and the case itself, as documented in both his criminal and military records, and police reports and court documentation. Such critics include: Herald-News reporter Cal Deal;[11] Larry Elder;[12] Thomas Clough; Barbara Burns, the daughter of victim Hazel Tanis; George Kimball of The Irish Times;[13] Milan Simonich of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette; Lona Manning;[14] The New York Times reporter Robert Lipsyte;[15] Paul Mulshine of The Newark Star-Ledger; and Jack Newfield of the New York Post, who stated, "I knew Rubin Carter, attended his fights, covered his retrial and I didn't see much reality on the screen."[citation needed]

The New Yorker film critic David Denby called it: "False, evasive and factually very thin - a liberal fairytale."[16]

Various newspaper articles have suggested that the film's inaccuracy may well have cost Denzel Washington the Oscar.[17]

[edit] Soundtrack

The Hurricane Soundtrack
Soundtrack by Various Artists
Released MCA
Recorded 1999
Genre Soundtrack
Label MCA

A soundtrack inspired by the film was released on January 11, 2000 on the MCA label. The CD contains fourteen tracks including "Hurricane," by Bob Dylan, "Hard Times No One Knows", by Ray Charles, "In the Basement" by Etta James, "Isolation", by Meshell Ndegeocello, "Still I Rise", by Melky Sedeck, and others.[18]

A CD of the original motion picture instrumental score was released on February 15, 2000 on the MCA label. The CD contains fifteen tracks and was composed by Christopher Young. It also includes the song "So Amazing", by Boyz II Men.[19]

[edit] Awards

Wins

  • Berlin International Film Festival: Prize of the Guild of German rt House Cinemas, Norman Jewison; Silver Berlin Bear, Best Actor, Denzel Washington' 2000.
  • Black Reel Awards: Black Reel; Theatrical, Best Actor; Denzel Washington; 2000.
  • Golden Globes: Golden Globe; Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture, Drama; Denzel Washington; 2000.
  • Image Awards: Image Award; Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture, Denzel Washington; 2000.

Nominations

  • Academy Awards: Oscar; Best Actor in a Leading Role; Denzel Washington; 2000.
  • Berlin International Film Festival: Golden Berlin Bear, Norman Jewison; 2000.
  • Blockbuster Entertainment Awards: Blockbuster Entertainment Award, Favorite Actor, Drama, Denzel Washington; 2000.
  • Chicago Film Critics Association Awards: CFCA Award; Best Actor; Denzel Washington; 2000.
  • Golden Globes: Golden Globe; Best Director, Motion Picture, Norman Jewison; Best Motion Picture - Drama; 2000.
  • Image Awards: Image Award; Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture Debbi Morgan, Outstanding Motion Picture; 2000.
  • Political Film Society: PFS Award; Democracy, Exposé, Human Rights; 2001

[edit] References

  1. ^ The Hurricane at the Internet Movie Database.
  2. ^ http://www.graphicwitness.com/carter/oscar/oscar.html "The Hurricane trashes good people--please don't give it an Oscar"
  3. ^ Jensen, Jorn Rossing. The Berlin International Film Festival, February 17, 2000.
  4. ^ Westbrook, Caroline. "We talk to movie legend Norman Jewison," Jewish.co.uk.
  5. ^ BBC News | ENTERTAINMENT | Boxer sues Hurricane's makers
  6. ^ Stephen Brunt. The Italian Stallions: Heroes Of Boxing's Glory Days Sport Classic Books. 2003 p213 ISBN 1894963032
  7. ^ "Ebert, Roger". The Hurricane. 2000-01-07. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20000107/REVIEWS/1070302/1023. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
  8. ^ Holden, Stephen. "Fighting The Demons Within", The New York Times, 29 December 1999. Last accessed: November 20, 2007.
  9. ^ The Hurricane at Rotten Tomatoes. Last accessed: June 12, 2008.
  10. ^ The Numbers box office data. Last accessed: December 14, 2007.
  11. ^ Deal, Cal. "The Hurricane" Misleads a Trusting Public.
  12. ^ ""Hurricane" warning". Jewish World Review article by Larry Elder. February 4 2000. http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/elder020400.asp. Retrieved 2006-10-23.
  13. ^ Kimball, George. Truth is swept aside by Hurricane.
  14. ^ "TopTen Myths about..... Rubin Hurricane Carter and the Lafayette Grill Murders". The Lafayette Library, Lona Manning's collection of articles and legal documents about the Lafayette Grill murders. http://members.shaw.ca/cartermyths/. Retrieved 2006-10-23.
  15. ^ [1]Once Again, Giardello Is in the Eye of the Storm
  16. ^ Patriot games | Sunday Herald, The | Find Articles at BNET
  17. ^ Rubin Hurricane Carter at African-Americans web site.
  18. ^ Amazon.com
  19. ^ Amazon.com.
Jump to: navigation, search
For the football player of the same name, see Rubin Carter (American football).
Rubin Carter
Statistics
Real name Rubin Carter
Nickname(s) Hurricane
Rated at Middleweight
Nationality American
Birth date May 6, 1937 (age 72)
Birth place Paterson, New Jersey
Stance Orthodox
Boxing record
Total fights 39
Wins 27
Wins by KO 19
Losses 12
Draws 1
No contests 0

Rubin "Hurricane" Carter (born May 6, 1937) is a former American middleweight boxer, who competed from 1961 through 1966. Carter was convicted and released after serving twenty years of three life sentences for three murders which occurred in June 1966 in his hometown Paterson, New Jersey. The question of Carter’s actual guilt or innocence remains a polarizing issue.

Contents

[hide]

[edit] Early life

Carter was born and raised in Paterson, New Jersey, the fourth of seven children. He acquired a criminal record that resulted in his being sentenced to a juvenile reformatory for assault and robbery shortly after his fourteenth birthday. Carter escaped from the reformatory in 1954 and joined the Army at age seventeen. A few months after completing infantry basic training at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, he was sent to West Germany, where he developed an interest in boxing. Carter was a poor soldier, and was court-martialed four times for charges ranging from insubordination to being AWOL. In May 1956, he was discharged as "unfit for military service",after having served 21 months of his three-year term of enlistment.

After his return to New Jersey, Carter was picked up by authorities and sentenced to an additional ten months for escaping from the reformatory. Shortly after being released, Carter was arrested for a series of street muggings, which included the assault and robbery of a middle-aged black woman. He pleaded guilty to the charges and was imprisoned in New Jersey State Prison in Trenton, New Jersey, a maximum-security facility, where he would remain for the next four years.

[edit] Boxing career

In prison, Carter resumed his interest in boxing, and upon his release in September 1961, turned professional.[1] At 5 ft 7 in (1.7 m), Carter was shorter than the average middleweight, but he fought all of his professional career at 155–160 lb (70–72.6 kg). His shaven head, prominent mustache, unwavering stare and solid frame made him an intimidating presence in the ring. His aggressive style and punching power (resulting in many early-round knockouts) drew attention, establishing him as a crowd favorite and earning him the nickname “Hurricane.” After he had beaten a number of middleweight contenders such as Florentino Fernandez, Holley Mims, Gomeo Brennan, and George Benton, the boxing world took notice. Ring Magazine first listed him as one of its "Top 10" middleweight contenders in July 1963.

He fought six times in 1963, winning four bouts and losing two.[1] He remained ranked in the lower part of the top 10 until December 20, when he surprised the boxing world by flooring past and future world champion Emile Griffith twice in the first round and scoring a technical knockout.

That win resulted in Ring Magazine ranking Carter as the #3 contender for Joey Giardello's world middleweight title. Carter won two more fights (one a decision over future heavyweight champion Jimmy Ellis) in 1964, before meeting Giardello in Philadelphia for a fifteen-round championship match on December 14. Carter fought well in the early rounds, landing a few solid rights to the head, but failed to follow them up and Giardello took control of the fight in the fifth round. The judges awarded Giardello a unanimous decision. An informal poll conducted among ringside sportswriters agreed that Giardello had outboxed the challenger. Carter continually stated that he won at least nine of the fifteen rounds.[2]

After that fight, Carter's standing as a contender—as reflected by his ranking in Ring Magazine—began to decline. He fought nine times in 1965, but lost four of five fights against top contenders (Luis Manuel Rodriguez, Englishman Harry Scott and Nigerian Dick Tiger).[1] Tiger, in particular, had no problem with Carter, flooring him three times in their match. "It was," Carter said, "the worst beating that I took in my life—inside or outside the ring."[3] During his visit to London (to fight Scott) Carter was involved in an altercation at his hotel, during which he fired several shots with a pistol. In order for the bout to take place, the promoter of the event, Mickey Duff, was obliged to pay bribes to keep Carter out of the hands of the police. [4]

Carter's career record in boxing was 27 wins, 12 losses and one draw in 40 fights, with 19 total knockouts (8 KOs and 11 TKOs).[5]

He received an honorary championship title belt from the World Boxing Council in 1993, as did Joey Giardello at the same banquet held in Las Vegas.

Carter is a member of the New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame.[1]

[edit] Murders

On June 17, 1966, at approximately 2:30 a.m., two black males entered the Lafayette Bar and Grill in Paterson, New Jersey, and started shooting.[6] The bartender, Jim Oliver, and a male customer, Fred "Cedar Grove Bob" Nauyoks, were killed instantly. A severely wounded female customer, Hazel Tanis, died almost a month later, having been shot in the throat, stomach, intestine, spleen and left lung, and her arm was shattered by shotgun pellets. A third customer, Willie Marins, survived the attack, despite being shot in the head and losing sight in one eye. Both Marins and Tanis told police that the shooters had been two black males, although neither were able to identify Carter, his companion in the car, John Artis, or anyone else, as the shooters.

Petty criminal Alfred Bello, who had been near the Lafayette to commit a burglary of a factory that night, was an eyewitness. Bello later testified that he was approaching the Lafayette when two black males - one carrying a shotgun, the other a pistol - came around the corner walking towards him.[7] He ran from them, and they got into a white car that was double-parked near the Lafayette.[6] Bello was one of the first people on the scene of the shootings, as was Patricia Graham (later Patricia Valentine), a resident on the second floor (above the Lafayette). Bello (who admitted four months later that he stole $60 from the register when he went to get a dime) and Graham both called the police. Graham told the police that she saw two black males get into a white car and drive westbound. Another neighbour, Ronald Ruggiero, also heard the shots and said that when he looked from his window he saw Alfred Bello running on Lafayette Street toward 16th Street. He further reported that he heard the screech of tires and saw a white car shoot past, heading west, with two black males in the front seat.

Carter's car matched the description provided by the witnesses. Police stopped it and brought Carter and another occupant, John Artis, to the scene about thirty minutes after the incident. There was little physical evidence; police took no fingerprints at the crime scene, and lacked the necessary facilities to conduct a paraffin test on Carter and Artis. None of the eyewitnesses identified Carter or Artis as one of the shooters. On searching Carter's car, however, the police discovered a live .32 caliber pistol round and a 12-gauge shotgun shell; these rounds were of the same two calibers used in the shootings.[7][8] Carter and Artis were taken to police headquarters and questioned.

In the afternoon, both men underwent polygraph testing. Although there are serious questions about exactly what happened during the testing,[citation needed] examiner John J. McGuire subsequently reported the following conclusion about Carter: "After a careful analysis of the polygraph record of this subject, it is the opinion of the examiner that this subject was attempting deception to all the pertinent questions and was involved in this crime. After the examination, when confronted with the examiner's opinion the subject denied any participation in the crime." The scientific merit and reliability of polygraph tests are disputed, however, and they are generally inadmissible as evidence. Carter and Artis were released later that day.

[edit] First conviction and appeal

Several months later, Bello disclosed to the police that he had an accomplice during the attempted burglary, one Arthur Dexter Bradley. On further questioning, Bello and Bradley both independently identified Carter as one of the two black males they had seen carrying weapons outside the bar the night of the murders; Bello also identified Artis as the other. Based on this additional evidence, Carter and Artis were arrested and indicted.

Even though the defense, including famed attorney Raymond A. Brown,[9] showed that the accused didn't match one of the descriptions given by eyewitness Marins on June 17,[citation needed] the two stuck to their testimony. This, plus evidence of the identification of Carter's car by both Patricia Valentine and Bello, the ammunition found in Carter's car, and questions about the testimony given by Carter's alibi witnesses, convinced the jury that Carter and Artis were the killers. Both men were convicted and sentenced to three life terms in prison. In Carter's book, The Sixteenth Round,[10] Carter argued that the fact he and Artis were spared the death penalty (notwithstanding that the jury recommended it) was surprising, and possibly attributable to the judge's own doubts as to their guilt.

Carter's supporters - including The New York Times reporter Selwyn Raab - persuaded Bello and Bradley to recant the testimony they had given at the 1967 trial, and these recantations were used as the basis for a motion for a new trial. But Judge Samuel Larner, who presided over both the original trial and the recantation hearing, ruled that the recantations "lacked the ring of truth," and denied the motion.

Despite Larner's ruling, Madison Avenue advertising guru George Lois organized a campaign on Carter's behalf, which led to increasing public support for a retrial or pardon. Muhammad Ali lent his support to the campaign, and Bob Dylan co-wrote (with Jacques Levy) and performed a song called "Hurricane" (1975), which declared that Carter was innocent. Carter also appeared as himself in Dylan's 1975 movie Renaldo and Clara.

As the defense motions were making their way through the appellate process, New Jersey legislator Eldridge Hawkins (assisted by investigator Prentiss Thompson) launched an independent review of the case, as requested by New Jersey Governor Brendan Byrne. After a three-month investigation, Hawkins concluded that Carter and Artis had been present at the Lafayette, assisting in the murders, although he did not believe they had been the shooters. Hawkins and Thompson (both of whom are black) also concluded that the motive for the murders had been revenge for the killing of a black bar owner named Leroy Holloway earlier that evening at the Waltz Inn. Leroy Holloway was the stepfather of a man named Eddie Rawls, who was a close friend and drinking companion of Carter.

While the recantations had become a dead issue, defense attorneys filed another motion, based on evidence that came to light during the recantation hearing (some of which was contained on a police tape recording of an interview with Bello). Although Larner had denied this motion as well, agreeing with the prosecution view that they had tried to present testimony about the interview, but were blocked by the defense, the New Jersey Supreme Court granted Carter and Artis a new trial in 1976, unanimously holding that the evidence of various deals made between the prosecution and witnesses Bello and Bradley should have been disclosed to the defense before or during the 1967 trial as this could have "affected the jury's evaluation of the credibility" of the eyewitnesses. "The defendants' right to a fair trial was substantially prejudiced," said Justice Mark Sullivan.[7]

Despite enormous public and political pressure to drop the case, prosecutor Burrell Ives Humphreys decided to re-prosecute the ten-year-old murder indictments. As part of the re-investigation of the case, Humphreys had Bello polygraphed, and while the polygrapher Leonard H. Harrelson concluded that Bello was being truthful when he identified Carter and Artis as being outside the bar after the murders, Harrelson further concluded that Bello was inside the bar shortly before and at the time of the shooting, contradicting Bello's 1967 trial testimony.

Humphreys also made an offer to both Carter and Artis—a "no-risk" polygraph test. If either man would take and "pass" a polygraph test conducted by a nationally-recognized expert, Humphreys would drop the prosecution of him, while if he were to "fail" the test, there would be no adverse consequences. Both Carter and Artis refused Humphrey's offer.

[edit] Second conviction and appeal

During the new trial, witness Alfred Bello repeated the testimony he had given in 1967, identifying Carter and Artis as the two armed men he said he had seen at the Lafayette Grill. Bradley refused to cooperate with prosecutors, and neither prosecution nor defense called him as a witness. Carter's alibi witnesses from the first trial appeared as prosecution witnesses, and testified that Carter and his attorney had persuaded them to commit perjury at the first trial, providing Carter with false alibis. Carter's defense attorney from the first trial, Raymond Brown, was called as a witness in the second trial.[9]

The defense responded with testimony from multiple witnesses identifying Carter at the locations he claimed to be at the morning the murders happened.[11] A blow to the defense case occurred when Judge Bruno Leopizzi forced defense witness Fred Hogan - whose efforts had led to the discredited recantations of Bello and Bradley - to produce his notes. These showed that Hogan had discussed paying money to Bello to procure the recantations, an apparent discussion of bribery. During his testimony, however, Hogan denied ever offering any bribes or inducements.[12] The court also heard testimony from a Carter associate that Passaic County prosecutors had tried to pressure her into testifying against Carter. Prosecutors denied the charge.[13]

Judge Leopizzi instructed the jurors that if they did not believe Bello, they should acquit the defendants. The state objected and requested that the court instruct the jury that a conviction could be based on the other evidence the state had presented, but this request was denied. After deliberating for almost nine hours, the jury again found Carter and Artis guilty of the murders, resulting in life sentences for both men.

Artis was paroled in 1981.[14] Carter's defense continued to appeal on various grounds. In 1982, the Supreme Court of New Jersey ruled that the prosecution had withheld evidence from the defense, but that the withheld material was not material (and thus did not create a Brady violation), and affirmed the convictions in a 4-3 decision.[15]

[edit] Appeal at the federal court

Three years later, Rubin Carter's attorneys filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in federal court, a rarely successful collateral attack on the judgment of a state court requesting federal review of the constitutionality of the state court's decision.[16] The effort paid off; in 1985, Judge Haddon Lee Sarokin of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey ruled that Carter and Artis had not received a fair trial, saying that the prosecution had been "based on racism rather than reason and concealment rather than disclosure." He chided the state of New Jersey for having withheld evidence regarding Bello's problematic polygraph testing and set aside the convictions. New Jersey prosecutors appealed Sarokin's ruling to the Third Circuit Court of Appeals and filed a motion with the Court to return Carter to prison pending the outcome of the appeal.[17][18] The Court denied this motion and eventually upheld Sarokin's opinion, affirming his Brady analysis without commenting on his other rationale.[19]

The prosecutors appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which declined to hear the case.[6][20]

The rulings left the prosecutors with the choice of either trying Carter and Artis for a third time or dismissing the indictments. In 1988, New Jersey prosecutors filed a motion to dismiss the original indictments brought against Carter and Artis. "It is just not legally feasible to sustain a prosecution, and not practical after almost 22 years to be trying anyone," said New Jersey Attorney General W. Cary Edwards. Acting Passaic County prosecutor John P. Goceljak said several factors made a retrial impossible, including concerns about whether Bello could still be a convincing eyewitness and the unavailability of other witnesses. Goceljak also doubted whether the prosecution could reintroduce the racially-motivated crime theory due to the federal court rulings.[21] Furthermore, John Artis had already been paroled and would not have been returned to prison even had he been re-convicted. The motion to dismiss was granted, effectively dropping all charges.

[edit] Aftermath

Carter now lives in Toronto, Ontario, and was executive director of the Association in Defence of the Wrongly Convicted (AIDWYC) from 1993 until 2005. Carter publicly resigned from AIDWYC when the prosecutor of Canadian Guy Paul Morin, a wrongfully convicted man, was promoted to a judgeship and AIDWYC declined to support Carter's protest of the appointment. In 1996 Carter, then 60, was arrested when Toronto police mistakenly identified him as a suspect in his forties believed to have sold drugs to an undercover officer. He was released after the police realized their error.[22][23] Carter now works as a motivational speaker. On October 14, 2005, he received two honorary Doctorates of Law, one from York University (Toronto, Canada) and one from Griffith University (Brisbane, Australia), in recognition of his work with AIDWYC and the Innocence Project. Carter has a son named Raheem Rubin Carter, born on December 28, 1976, who now resides in Tampa, Florida.

Carter's story inspired the Norman Jewison 1999 feature film The Hurricane, starring Denzel Washington in the title role, as well as Nelson Algren's 1983 novel, The Devil's Stocking.[24]

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d "Rubin Carter 'Hurricane'". New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame. http://www.njboxinghof.org/cgi-bin/henryseehof.pl?57. Retrieved 2009-01-24.
  2. ^ "Once Again, Giardello Is in the Eye of the Storm". The New York Times. March 12, 2000. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0DE5DB153BF931A25750C0A9669C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1. Retrieved 2009-01-24. "Joey clearly deserved his unanimous decision. Afterward, he said that Carter isn't a bad fighter and admitted that he had him confused early and never fell for any of my feints. Carter's failing was not attacking inside. He just kept looking for that one shot to knock me out, Giardello said."
  3. ^ Dick Tiger: The Life and Times of a Boxing Immortal (Part three) by Adeyinka Makinde
  4. ^ Duff, Mickey (1999). Twenty and Out: A Life in Boxing. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0002189262.
  5. ^ "Rubin Carter". Boxrec. http://www.boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=11387&cat=boxer. Retrieved 2009-01-24. "won 27 (KO 19) + lost 12 (KO 1) + drawn 1 = 40 rounds boxed 256 : KO% 47.5"
  6. ^ a b c "Supreme Court Refuses to Revive Hurricane Carter's Murder Case". The New York Times. January 12, 1988. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE6DC1E3EF931A25752C0A96E948260&scp. Retrieved 2009-01-24. "The United States Supreme Court refused yesterday to consider reinstating the triple-murder convictions of Rubin (Hurricane) Carter and John Artis. It was the latest and perhaps the last chapter in a tangled 21-year legal struggle."
  7. ^ a b c "The Seventeenth Round". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,918176,00.html. Retrieved 2009-01-24.
  8. ^ "Hurricane Carter: The Other Side of the Story". The Graphic Witness. http://www.graphicwitness.com/carter/bullets.html. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  9. ^ a b Berger, Joseph. "Raymond A. Brown, Civil Rights Lawyer, Dies at 94", The New York Times, October 11, 2009. Accessed October 12, 2009.
  10. ^ Carter, Rubin (1 May 1991). The Sixteenth Round: From Number 1 Contender To #45472. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Penguin Group. pp. 339. ISBN 978-0-14-014929-6.
  11. ^ http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F0081FF93E5812718DDDAB0994DA415B868BF1D3&scp=22&sq=Rubin%20carter&st=cse
  12. ^ http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30E12FB3F59157493C2A81789D95F428785F9&scp=33&sq=rubin%20carter&st=cse
  13. ^ http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30C1EF73F5A167493C6A8178BD95F428785F9&scp=46&sq=rubin%20carter&st=cse
  14. ^ "Artis Wins Parole". The New York Times. December 15, 1981. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30B1EFC3E5C0C768DDDAB0994D9484D81. Retrieved 2009-01-24. "John Artis, who was convicted twice with Rubin (Hurricane) Carter of killing three persons in a Paterson, N.J., bar holdup 15 years ago, will be paroled from Rahway State Prison on December 22, the New Jersey Parole Board announced yesterday. Mr. Artis, 35 years old, was sentenced to a ..."
  15. ^ http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0C1FFE3D5C0C718EDDA10894DA484D81&scp=73&sq=rubin%20carter&st=cse
  16. ^ Carter v. Rafferty, 621 F.Supp. 533 (D.C.N.J. 1985)
  17. ^ Carter v. Rafferty, 826 F.2d 1299 (3rd Cir. 1987)
  18. ^ Associated Press (December 20, 1985). "Court Urged to Return Rubin Carter to Prison". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E1D6153BF933A15751C1A963948260&scp=38&sq. Retrieved 2009-01-24. "Prosecutors have petitioned a Federal appeals court to return Rubin (Hurricane) Carter to prison. A judge ordered Mr. Carter's release last month on the ground that his conviction in a 1966 triple murder had been based on racism."
  19. ^ Associated Press (January 19, 1986). "U.S. Court Refuses to Order Rubin Carter Back to Prison". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F5071FF839580C7A8DDDA80894DE484D81&scp. Retrieved 2009-01-24. "A Federal appeals court has denied a request by New Jersey prosecutors that Rubin (Hurricane) Carter be returned to prison while they appeal a dismissal of his 1977 murder conviction. A three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit here denied the request by ..."
  20. ^ Carter v. Rafferty, 484 U.S. 1011 (1988)
  21. ^ "Jersey Ends Move to Retry Rubin Carter". The New York Times. February 20, 1988. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2DF1E3CF933A15751C0A96E948260. Retrieved 2009-01-24. "New Jersey prosecutors said yesterday that they would not try Rubin (Hurricane) Carter and John Artis a third time for a triple-murder in a case that provoked national attention over charges that the authorities had framed both men."
  22. ^ "Hurricane Carter Arrested by Mistake". 12 April 1996. http://www.geocities.com/rubinhurricane2k/again.html. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  23. ^ "World News Briefs; American Boxer May Sue Toronto Police for Arrest". The New York Times. 14 April 1996. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A04E0D91139F937A25757C0A960958260. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  24. ^ Algren, Nelson (1 January 2006). The Devil's Stocking. Seven Stories Press. pp. 320. ISBN 978-1-58322-699-5.
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